Avaliação das boas práticas de fabricação e da contaminação de preparações cárneas de restaurantes institucionais e comerciais na cidade de Americana, SP / Evaluation of good manufacturing practices and contamination in meat preparations from institutional and commercial restaurants in the city of Americana/SP

Diante do ritmo acelerado da vida contemporânea, observa-se um aumento na tendência dos indivíduos em optar por realizar suas refeições fora de casa. A carne, reconhecida como um componente essencial na alimentação dos brasileiros, está suscetível à contaminação pois apresenta ambiente favorável à proliferação de microrganismos patogênicos. Fazendo-se necessária uma análise de contaminação pós-produção afim de evitar Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos. No presente estudo objetivouse avaliar as boas práticas de fabricação e contaminação de preparações de carne bovina assada, de restaurantes particulares e institucionalizados no município de Americana-SP. Amostras de carne prontas para o consumo foram obtidas de seis estabelecimentos comerciais e seis institucionais. Durante a coleta, foram verificadas as temperaturas e realizadas análises de conformidades com a RDC n° 275, de 2002. As amostras foram examinadas para detectar a presença ou ausência de E. coli e coliformes termotolerantes a 45° C. Para a análise foi realizada a técnica de tubos múltiplos para quantificar a totalidade dos coliformes. Observou-se que, conforme estipulado pela Resolução n°43 de 2015, nenhuma das amostras oriundas de restaurantes comerciais, e a maioria das provenientes de restaurantes institucionais, atingiram as temperaturas requeridas. No que concerne à identificação de E. coli através de testes microbiológicos, foi constatado que seis amostras de restaurantes comerciais e quatro de restaurantes institucionais testaram positivo para a presença deste microrganismo. Conclui-se que as amostras de restaurantes comerciais apresentaram níveis de contaminação superiores em comparação com as amostras de restaurantes institucionais.

Given the fast-paced rhythm of contemporary life, there is an increase in individuals choosing to have their meals outside the home. Meat, recognized as an essential component in the Brazilian diet, is susceptible to contamination as it provides a favorable environment for the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. It is necessary to conduct post-production contamination analysis to prevent Foodborne Diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the good manufacturing practices and contamination of roasted beef preparations from private and institutional restaurants in the city of Americana-SP. Samples of ready-to-eat meat were obtained from six commercial establishments and six institutional ones. During collection, temperatures were checked, and conformity analyses were conducted according to RDC No. 275, 2002. The samples were examined for the presence or absence of E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms at 45°C using the multiple tube technique to quantify the total coliforms. It was observed that, as stipulated by Resolution No. 43, 2015, none of the samples from commercial restaurants and the majority from institutional restaurants reached the required temperatures. Regarding the identification of E. coli through microbiological tests, it was found that six samples from commercial restaurants and four from institutional ones tested positive for the presence of this microorganism. It is concluded that samples from commercial restaurants showed higher contamination levels compared to institutional restaurant samples.

MICROBIAL PROFILE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM PAPER CURRENCIES CIRCULATING IN SOME RESTAURANTS AND BUTCHERIES IN HAWASSA, SIDAMA, ETHIOPIA, 2020-21

Currency notes could play a signicant role in transmitting pathogenic microorganisms amongst individuals in the society. This study was aimed to determine the microbial prole and Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from Ethiopian paper notes in circulation. 64 currency paper notes of different denomination were tested for bacterial contamination using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility proles of the isolates were determined with approved methods. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Overall mean AMBC was 4.08 log units, with the highest 6.58 log units recorded from denomination 5 followed by 4.50, 3.03, 2.20 log units from denominations 10, 50 and 100 respectively. Total Coliforms (TC) displayed the same pattern with the highest mean counts of 6.52 log units, from denomination 5 and lowest counts of 2.19 log units from denomination 100. Out of 64 currency notes, 35 (54.7%) were contaminated with bacteria. The predominant bacteria isolates were E. coli (60.5%), Salmonella spp. (23.6%) and Shigella spp. (13.2%). Each isolate was resistant to four or more antibiotics tested. All isolates were resistant against Cefepime and Tetracycline and sensitive to Ceftriaxone. This study revealed that currency notes are contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and in most cases these bacterial isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Therefore, contaminated notes are identied as potential public health threat, because pathogens can be spread by circulating the notes and become source of infection. Awareness creation is important among public in this regard.

The Use of Escherichia coli for Recombinant Human Insulin Production

Insulin is the essential hormone produced by the pancreas. which is accountable for sanctioning glucose we acquire from our food sources to be deposited in our body cells. Without insulin, our bodies cannot control blood sugar levels, so insulin is a vital hormone for survival. A diabetic person either does not produce insulin or is resilient to it for a multiple reasons. Because of this, they need insulin injections to process glucose. It has become stress-free for patients around the world to acquire insulin with the production of recombinant human insulin produced by Escherichia coli . This short review will provide an overview of the steps engaged in constructing recombinant human insulin utilizing the K12 strain of E. coli along with the prominence of recombinant insulin and why E. coli is most commonly used for insulin production.

Detection of virulence genes and analysis of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli from calves with diarrhea in Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To detect the virulence gene of E. coli from calves with diarrhea in Tongliao City，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region，China and analyze its antimicrobial resistance as well as the distribution of antimicrobial resistant genes. Methods The sensitivities of 82 E. coli isolates from the fecal samples of calves with diarrhea to thirteen kinds of antibiotics were determined by disk diffusion test. The carrying statuses of thirteen virulence genes and twelve antimicrobial resistant genes of the E. coli isolates were determined by PCR，based on which the phylogenetic background was investigated. Results Of the 82 pathogenic E. coli isolates，48. 78%（40／82）、31. 71%（26／82）、14. 63%（12／82）and 4. 88%（4／82）belonged to phylogenic groups A，B1，B2 and D respectively，indicating that the prominent one was group A. A total of 11 virulence genes were detected in 82 isolates. The detection rates of irp2，fyuA，eaeA and STb genes were 79. 27%（65／82），63. 41%（52／82），53. 66%（44／82）and 50%（41／82）respectively，while those of other virulence genes were less than 50%，and no tsh or LT1 was detected. The 82 isolates were significantly resistant to 13 kinds of antibiotics，in which the resistant rates to tetracycline，doxycycline and amoxicillin were 100%（82／82），97. 56%（80／82）and 90. 24%（74／82）respectively. All the isolates were mutidrug resistant，most of which were resistant to eight kinds of antibiotics（16／82，19. 51%）. A total of twelve antimicrobial resistant genes were detected in the 82 isolates，in which the positive rates of genes resistant to β ‑ lactams（blaTEM），sulfonamide（sul1 and sul2），tetracycline（tetB and tetD）and aminoglycosides（aadB）were more than 70%. Conclusion The 82 pathogenic E. coli isolates mainly belonged to group A，with high detection rates of virulence gene and antimicrobial resistant gene as well as high and multiple drug resistance. The study provided a reference for the prevention and treatment of and clinical medication of E. coli‑associated diseases in calves in Tongliao Region.

Genotyping Characteristics of Human Fecal Escherichia coli and Their Association with Multidrug Resistance in Miyun District, Beijing / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genotyping characteristics of human fecal Escherichia coli( E. coli) and the relationships between antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and multidrug resistance (MDR) of E. coli in Miyun District, Beijing, an area with high incidence of infectious diarrheal cases but no related data.@*METHODS@#Over a period of 3 years, 94 E. coli strains were isolated from fecal samples collected from Miyun District Hospital, a surveillance hospital of the National Pathogen Identification Network. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the broth microdilution method. ARGs, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and polymorphism trees were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing data (WGS).@*RESULTS@#This study revealed that 68.09% of the isolates had MDR, prevalent and distributed in different clades, with a relatively high rate and low pathogenicity. There was no difference in MDR between the diarrheal (49/70) and healthy groups (15/24).@*CONCLUSION@#We developed a random forest (RF) prediction model of TEM.1 + baeR + mphA + mphB + QnrS1 + AAC.3-IId to identify MDR status, highlighting its potential for early resistance identification. The causes of MDR are likely mobile units transmitting the ARGs. In the future, we will continue to strengthen the monitoring of ARGs and MDR, and increase the number of strains to further verify the accuracy of the MDR markers.

Optimization of Escherichia coli shake flask culture medium by artificial neural network / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To optimize a shake flask culture medium for Escherichia coli(E.coli)with high biomass and viability using artificial neural networks(ANN). Methods Using the proportion of glucose(Glu),yeast extract(YE),yeast peptone(YP),soy peptone(SP)and yeast nitrogen base(YNB)as the mixture component,and the A_(600)(A1)value of cell suspension,wet bacterial weight(G,g/L)of culture and cell viability(A2,A_(460))as the response values,the mixture design was used to screen the mixture components that had a significant effect on the response value. The ANN model was constructed with the test results of mixture design as training and verification data samples. The input variables were mixture components and restricted the upper and lower limits of the mixture components,and the output variables were mixture design response values. The optimized medium formula and reference values were obtained by the constructed ANN. The medium formula was further adjusted by Monte Carlo simulation to obtain the shake flask medium formula of E.coli,which was then verified for 10 times. Results The shake flask culture medium of E.coli was composed of Glu 26 g/L,SP 26 g/L,YNB13 g/L with the total concentration of 65 g/L. The verification results showed that the probability of A1 ≥ 14 was 60%,the probability of G ≥ 77 g/L was 50% and the probability of A2 ≥ 11 was 40%. The mean values of the incubation result data were equivalent to the reference values. Conclusion The shake flask culture medium of E.coli optimized in this study can obtain E.coli with high biomass and bacterial activity.

Peligros microbiológicos relacionados con alimentos fermentados de elaboración artesanal comercializados en Tunja, Nariño y Cauca / Microbiological risks related to artisanal fermented foods marketed in Tunja, Nariño and Cauca

RESUMEN Varios factores intervienen en la calidad de los alimentos, como los físicos, químicos, nutricionales, sensoriales y microbiológicos. Este último es importante, ya que, afecta las propiedades organolépticas del producto terminado y, además, puede ocasionar riesgos de salud pública asociados a peligros microbiológicos. Colombia es un país rico en gastronomía, incluyendo alimentos fermentados de elaboración artesanal (AFEA), los cuales son una alternativa actual para sistemas agroalimentarios que buscan alimentos más naturales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los criterios microbiológicos en AFEA y el cumplimiento de requisitos sanitarios para sensibilizar a productores de bebidas artesanales y revalorizar los productos. Se tomaron en cuenta 11 productores artesanales de Masato, Champús y Almidón agrio de yuca en zonas rurales del país, que voluntariamente aceptaron participar. Se midieron los parámetros de pH, humedad, sólidos solubles y recuentos microbiológicos. Con estos resultados, se pudo calcular el porcentaje de conformidad de los alimentos, de los cuales el 36 % de productos evaluados fueron aptos para el consumo. Se incumplieron los límites establecidos para Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus y Salmonella sp. Los análisis fisicoquímicos mostraron que el Masato y el Champús aportan condiciones abióticas para el crecimiento microbiano. Además, los productores Almidón agrio de yuca tuvieron mayor valoración en el cumplimiento de requisitos sanitarios y menor cumplimiento que los productores de Champús. Los análisis realizados indican que la mayoría de los alimentos incumplieron los límites permitidos por lo cual se debe capacitar a los productores en buenas prácticas de manufactura.

ABSTRACT Several factors intervene in the quality of the food, such as physical, chemical, nutritional, sensory, and microbiological. The latter is important as it affects the sensory properties of the finished product, and it can also cause public health risks associated with microbiological hazards. Colombia is a country rich in gastronomy, including artisanal fermented foods (AFEA), which are a current alternative for agri-food systems seeking for more natural foods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological criteria in AFEA and its compliance with the sanitary requirements to raise the awareness among crafted beverages producers and revalue the products. Eleven artisan producers of masato, champús and sour cassava starch in rural areas of the country, who voluntarily agreed to participate, were considered. The parameters of pH, humidity, soluble solids, and microbiological counts were measured. With these results, it was possible to calculate the compliance rate of the food, from which 36% of the products evaluated were fit for consumption. The limits established for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp were breached. Physicochemical analysis showed that Masato and Champús provide abiotic conditions for microbial growth. In addition, the Sour cassava starch producers had higher compliance ratings regarding sanitary requirements but lower compliance ratings than champús producers. The performed analysis indicates that most of the food did not comply with the permitted limits, which is why producers must be trained in good manufacturing practices.

Clinico-microbiological Profile of Urinary Tract Infection with Special Reference to Uropathogenic E coli : Antibiotic susceptibility Pattern, Phylogenetic Background and Virulent Factor Distribution from West Bengal, India

Background and Objectives : Routine surveillance and monitoring studies pose a constant need to update clinicians on prevalent pathogens and rational and empirical treatment in Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). Escherichia coli (E coli) is the most commonly isolated uropathogen globally. Extended-Spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL) production and ?-Lactamase Inhibitor Resistance (BLIR) among these pathogens together with their uro-virulence determinants further complicate treatment approaches. This study investigated the clinico-microbiological pattern of UTI and determined the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, the phylogenetic background, and virulence determinants of E coli, the most commonly isolated uropathogen. Methods : Uropathogens isolated by urine culture from community and hospitalized patients were biochemically speciated. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by Kirby-bauer disk diffusion method. Phylogenetic background and virulence determinants of E coli isolates were identified by PCR. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical interpretation. Results : 45% of the urine samples showed growth positivity. 44% amongst them were E coli. All isolates were multidrug-resistant. 50% and 40% were ESBL producers and BLIR respectively. Former showed highest resistance to quinolone, fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole, and latter were resistant against all drugs tested except nitrofurantoin. Significant correlation existed between the ?-lactams, quinolone, fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole (p<0.05) resistance pattern. BLIR and ESBL E coli recorded highest prevalence of pathogenic phylogroup B2 and D respectively. Varied prevalence of fimbrial (fimH, papC, papEF, papG, GII) and toxin genes (iroN, hlyA, cnfI, i ucD, cdtBU) in ESBL, BLIR and non-ESBL isolates were observed. Their distribution was statistically significant (p=0.05). Interpretation and Conclusions : Nitrofurantoin is the drug of choice in empirical treatment of uncomplicated UTI. Aggressive and consistent investigation and health education are highly recommended for effective clinical management in UTI.

Causative Organisms of Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Among Patients Attending in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Bangladesh

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the chronic public health problem due to morbidity and financial cost as urological diseases causes the highest health care cost. UTI is known as one of the most common diseases today. UTI can occur in both men and women, but studies found that the incidence of UTI is more common in women especially among the sexually active women. Material & Methods:This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study which was conducted at the department of Medicine in Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, obstetrics and gynecology in Bikrampur Bhuiya Medical College and Hospital, Munshiganj and Medicine in City Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur. The study was conducted during the period of February 2018- January 2022. The total sample size for this study was 131.Results:Most of the respondents 56(42.7%) were aged from 26-35 years. Majority of them 117(89%) were female whereas only 14(11%) were male. Burning sensation of micturition was found in 115 patients where 46(40%) had burning for 0-3 days, 63(54.8%) for 4-7 days and 6(5.2%) for >7 days. In most cases causative organism was E. Coli in this study. According to sensitivity patterns of E. Coli Amoxiclav was used in 77(59%) cases and followed by Amikacin in 94(72%), Azithromycin in 120(92%), Cefixime in 130(99.2%), Ceftriaxone in 83(63.3%), Cefuroxime in 37(28.2%), Imipenem in 62(47%), Ciprofloxacine 64(49%), and Gentamicin in 38(29%) cases. In assessing the antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli Ampicillin was used in 55(42%) cases and followed by Amoxycillin in 98(75%), Colchicine in 13(10%), Linezolid in 35(26.2%), Amoxiclav in 54(41.2%), Colistin in 16(12.2%), Imipenem in 69(53%) and Novobiocin in 62(47%) cases.Conclusions:Antibiotics are considered to be the only treatment for UTI. But antibiotic resistance is highly prevalent in bacterial isolates around the world, especially in developing countries.

Photocatalytic destruction of Escherichia coli in water over rGO/TiO2 nanocomposites

In the present study, Graphene-TiO2 catalysts are prepared by solvothermal method with varied graphene concentrations (1%, 2.5% and 5%). The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, Raman and TEM. The photocatalytic activity towards the destruction of Escherichia coli in water under UV and UV-visible irradiations were studied. Graphene-TiO2 nano composite destructs the bacteria significantly at higher rates than unmodified TiO2 and graphene. The results indicates that, at the beginning, the inactivation of E. coli cells is more due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like, OH, H2O2, and O2– . Among all samples, the nano composite containing 2.5 wt.% of graphene exhibits a complete E. coli destruction in a minimum irradiation time of 15 and 20 min under UV–Visible and UV light irradiation respectively. The high photocatalytic activity is achieved with the optimum loading concentration of 2.5 wt. % graphene on titania

A Study of Anti Microbial Activity of Panchvalkal Kwath

Panchvalkal is a combination of five astringent plants, these are Vata, Peepal, Udumbara, Parisha, Plaksha. Individual and combinations of drugs have Kashaya rasa (astringent) dominant and useful in the management of Vrana (Wounds) as well as Shotha (Inflammations). Panchvalakal is used in different forms, for instance, Kwath, ointment, and powder. Its formulation can prepare in oil for future prospective to add more medicinal value and improve its shelf life without any chemical preservative. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the scientific proof of old literature and further evaluate the wound healing property of water extract of Panchvalkal and blend with Amaltas (Cassia fistula) and Neem (Azadirachta indica). Disc diffusion was adopted to assess antimicrobial activity against the range of standard antimicrobial agents. The results were promising that E.coli, S.aureus, P.areuginosa are sensitive to Panchvalkal kwath. This herbal medicine is able to prevent vaginitis and also cure it without any side effects. Aqueous extract of Panchvalkal by soxhlet method showed significant results against E.coli and S.aureus with an inhibition value of 22 mm and 20 mm in diameter respectively. The results were compared with results obtained from reference (standard) antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin (5mcg/disc), Ceftriaxone (30mcg/disc), and Streptomycin (10mcg/disc) that served as the reference for inhibition zone diameter.

Propolis from native Stingless Bees: ultrasound-assisted extraction / Propóleos de abejas nativas sin aguijón: extracción asistida por ultrasonido

BACKGROUND: Propolis has been considered a highly valuable material due to its therapeutic properties. However, in Colombia, the commercialization of propolis is limited not only by low production but also by the little knowledge about its efficient extraction. Therefore, finding an optimal and economical extraction method to obtain propolis is a necessity for beekeepers that would open new possibilities for industrial use and, therefore, for the market. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this study was to evaluate a conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction method, seeking to obtain the highest yield and a high amount of content of bioactive compounds in propolis extracts. METHODS: The extraction was carried out for three crude propolis from different types of bees: Tetragoniscaangustula or Angelita (ANG), Meliponaeburnea or Melipona(MEL), and Scaptotrigonaspp (SCT). The extracts were characterized by color, pH, visual appearance, solid content, antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, and bacterial inhibition capacity. RESULTS: The highest extraction performance was obtained when the ultrasound-assisted method was used, especially for the ANG extract, which in addition to presenting inhibition for gram-negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (S. Aureus) bacteria, had the best antioxidant activity with a value of 545 mg GAE / 100 g of sample and total polyphenol content of 1,884 mg GAE / 100 g of sample. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-assisted extraction can be considered a low-cost alternative to increase the extraction performance of crude propolis, together with its total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, without altering its physical properties

ANTECEDENTES: El propóleos ha sido considerado un material de alto valor por sus propiedades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, en Colombia la comercialización de propóleos está limitada no solo por la baja producción sino también por el incipiente conocimiento sobre la extracción eficiente de este. Por ello, encontrar un método de extracción óptimo y económico para la obtención de propóleos es una necesidad para los apicultores que abriría nuevas posibilidades para el uso industrial y por tanto para el mercado. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar un método de extracción convencional y asistido por ultrasonido (US) buscando el mayor rendimiento y alto contenido de compuestos bioactivos en extractos de propóleos. MÉTODOS: La extracción se realizó para tres propóleos crudos de diferentes tipos de abejas Tetragonisca angustula o Angelita(ANG), Melipona eburnea o Melipona (MEL) y Scaptotrigona spp (SCT). Todos los extractos se caracterizaron por su color, pH, apariencia visual, contenido de sólidos, capacidad antioxidante, contenido total de polifenoles y capacidad de inhibición bacteriana. RESULTADOS: El mayor rendimiento de extracción se obtuvo cuando se usó el método asistido por ultrasonido y específicamente para el extracto ANG, que además de presentar inhibición para bacterias gram negativas (E. coli) y gram positivas (S. Aureus), tuvo la mejor actividad antioxidante con un valor de 545 mg GAE / 100 g de muestra y contenido total de polifenoles de 1884 mg GAE / 100 g de muestra. CONCLUSIONES: La extracción asistida por ultrasonido puede considerarse una alternativa de bajo costo para aumentar el rendimiento de extracción del propóleos crudo, así como su contenido total de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante sin alterar sus propiedades físicas

EXPRESSION OF TYPE 1 FIMBRIAE ENHANCES VIRULENCE OF UROPATHOGENIC E. COLI BY BIOFILM FORMATION

BACKGROUND: Many bacterial infections are associated with biofilm formation. It is one of the important virulent factors of E. coli in urinary tract, causing recurrent and drug resistant infections. Fecal E. coli colonize the urethra and spread up the urinary tract to the bladder and kidney. Type 1 fimbriae are surface located adhesion organelles of E. coli that are directly associated with adherence to the urinary tract. The present study was aimed to study biofilm production in E. coli isolated from urinary tract infection and to correlate it with expression of fimH gene and compare its sequences. METHOD: Total 150 urine samples were processed for isolation and identification of uropathogens. E. coli isolates were further processed for detection of biofilm by TCP method and screened for the presence of fimH gene by PCR using specific primers. The PCR products were purified and sequenced bidirectionally by Sanger dideoxy sequencing system using ABI 3500 Genetic analyzer. RESULTS: From the total 98 urine samples with significant bacteriuria, 77 E. coli were isolated out of which, 40 were positive for in vitro biofilm production. Among them11 were classified as strong biofilm producers and 29 as moderate. The fimH gene from E. coli isolates was amplified using specific primers and appeared as a band of about 508bp on agarose gel. It was noted that the fimH gene was detected in moderate and strong biofilm forming E. coli while absent in non biofilm isolates.The sequences showed 99% similarity with fim H gene of E coli. CONCLUSION: The high binding ability of fimH could result in increased bacterial binding to target cells and increased pathogenicity of E. Coli.

Microbiology and Drug Resistance Pattern in Clinically Significant Isolates of urine from Medical Wards of a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice both in community and hospital settings in all age groups. It is the second most frequently occurring infection in general population after upper respiratory tract infection .Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the leading cause of Gram negative sepsis in hospitalized patients and are the origin for about half of all hospital acquired infections caused by urinary catheters and are associated with considerable cost in terms of morbidity and economic and research expenditure. Material And Methods: This prospective cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology of Government Medical College, Srinagar. A total of 800 patients were taken up for the study. The sample falling under the set inclusion criteria were selected from the urine specimen received in the laboratory for urine culture and sensitivity from Hospitalized patients (IPD). Culture and sensitivity reports and patient data obtained from hospital records was analyzed for this study. Out of 800 samples taken up for the study 208 (26%) were culture positive and 592Results: (74%) were negative. 208 positive samples 125(60.10%) were females and 83(39.90%) were males. female predominance was observed with 71% whereas 29% males were affected by UTI. UTI was predominantly in females of age group (21-40 yrs). most common organism isolated on culture was Escherichia coli(43.26%) both in short stay patients (<48hrs hospital stay) /OPD 22.59% as well as in IPD (>48hrs hospital stay) 20.67%.E.coli was isolated from patients of both uncomplicated and complicated UTI. The second most common organism isolated in our study was Enterococcus faecalis(22.59%), the rate of isolation was much higher 18.75% in inpatients (>48hrs hospital stay) and only 3.84% in OPD/short stay patients (<48hrs hospital stay). In our study Enterococcus spp ranked second amongst uropathogens, in IPD patients isolation rate was almost 5 times higher. Pseudomonas spp was 1 isolate in OPD (0.48%) and 6 (2.88%) in IPD, Acinetobacter 3 (1.44%), Proteus 1 (0.48%) found only in hospitalized patients (stay >48hrs). E.coli showed following sensitivity pattern 96.7% to nitrofurantoin, 93.3% to imipenem, 90.0% to amikacin, 75.6% to gentamycin, 73.3% to cefoperazone-salbactam and meropenem both, 68.9% to pipercillin tazobactam.The sensitivity to TMP-SMX was 45.6%, and to ceftriaxone and cefipime was only 22.2% and 21.1% respectively. The organism also showed resistance to drugs like levofloxacin 82.2% and ciprofloxacin 76.7%.Enterococcus faecalis isolated in our study was sensitive to Vancomycin 95.74% followed by Linezolid (93.6%), Nitrofurantoin (78.7%), HL-Amikacin (74.5%),HL- Gentamycin (70.2%). Enterococcus faecalis showed resistance to drugs commonly used to treat UTI i.e. 91.5% resistant to Ciprofloxacin and 89.4% resistant to Levofloxacin. Gram negative bacteria were most predominantConclusion: microorganisms resulting in more than 50% infections causing urinary tract infection. In our study we have seen that Gram positive cocci especially Enterococcus result in UTI in a significant proportion of patients. In our study Enterococcus spp ranked second amongst uropathogens, in IPD patients isolation rate was almost 5 times higher. The implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs is crucial to minimize resistance. Appropriate antibiotics need to be prescribed based on the antibiotic susceptibility testing which will be narrow spectrum, effective and less expensive with least side effects.

Characterization of a Coliphage AS1 isolated from sewage effluent in Pakistan / Caracterização de um colifago AS1 isolado de efluente de esgoto no Paquistão

The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, which are posing a global health threat has developed the interest of scientists to use bacteriophages instead of conventional antibiotics therapy. In light of an increased interest in the use of phage as a bacterial control agent, the study aimed to isolate and characterize lytic phages from sewage effluent. During the current study, bacteriophage AS1 was isolated from sewage effluent against E.coli S2. The lytic activity of phageAS1 was limited to E.coli S2 strain showing monovalent behavior. The calculated phage titer was 3.5×109 pfu/ml. PhageAS1 was stable at a wide range of pH and temperature. The maximum stability was recorded at 37ºC and pH 7.0, while showing its normal lytic activity at temperature 60ºC and from pH 5.0 to11.0 respectively. At temperature 70ºC, phage activity was somewhat reduced whereas, further increase in temperature and decrease or increase in pH completely inactivated the phage. From the current study, it was concluded that waste water is a best source for finding bacteriophages against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and can be used as bacterial control agent.

O surgimento de cepas bacterianas multirresistentes (MDR), que representam uma ameaça global à saúde, desenvolveu o interesse dos cientistas em usar bacteriófagos em vez da terapia convencional com antibióticos. Diante do crescente interesse no uso de fago como agente de controle bacteriano, o estudo visou isolar e caracterizar fagos líticos de efluente de esgoto. Durante o estudo atual, o bacteriófago AS1 foi isolado de efluente de esgoto contra E. coli S2. A atividade lítica de phageAS1 foi limitada à cepa E. coli S2, apresentando comportamento monovalente. O título de fago calculado foi de 3,5 x 109 ufp/ml. PhageAS1 foi estável em uma ampla faixa de pH e temperatura. A estabilidade máxima foi registrada a 37ºC e pH 7,0, enquanto mostrou atividade lítica normal em temperatura de 60ºC e pH 5,0 a 11,0, respectivamente. Na temperatura de 70ºC, a atividade do fago foi um pouco reduzida, enquanto o aumento adicional da temperatura e a diminuição ou aumento do pH inativaram completamente o fago. Com base no estudo atual, concluiu-se que a água residual é a melhor fonte para encontrar bacteriófagos contra cepas bacterianas multirresistentes e pode ser usada como agente de controle bacteriano.

Characterization of a Coliphage AS1 isolated from sewage effluent in Pakistan / Caracterização de um colifago AS1 isolado de efluente de esgoto no Paquistão

The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, which are posing a global health threat has developed the interest of scientists to use bacteriophages instead of conventional antibiotics therapy. In light of an increased interest in the use of phage as a bacterial control agent, the study aimed to isolate and characterize lytic phages from sewage effluent. During the current study, bacteriophage AS1 was isolated from sewage effluent against E.coli S2. The lytic activity of phageAS1 was limited to E.coli S2 strain showing monovalent behavior. The calculated phage titer was 3.5×109 pfu/ml. PhageAS1 was stable at a wide range of pH and temperature. The maximum stability was recorded at 37ºC and pH 7.0, while showing its normal lytic activity at temperature 60ºC and from pH 5.0 to 11.0 respectively. At temperature 70ºC, phage activity was somewhat reduced whereas, further increase in temperature and decrease or increase in pH completely inactivated the phage. From the current study, it was concluded that waste water is a best source for finding bacteriophages against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and can be used as bacterial control agent.

O surgimento de cepas bacterianas multirresistentes (MDR), que representam uma ameaça global à saúde, desenvolveu o interesse dos cientistas em usar bacteriófagos em vez da terapia convencional com antibióticos. Diante do crescente interesse no uso de fago como agente de controle bacteriano, o estudo visou isolar e caracterizar fagos líticos de efluente de esgoto. Durante o estudo atual, o bacteriófago AS1 foi isolado de efluente de esgoto contra E. coli S2. A atividade lítica de phageAS1 foi limitada à cepa E. coli S2, apresentando comportamento monovalente. O título de fago calculado foi de 3,5 x 109 ufp/ml. PhageAS1 foi estável em uma ampla faixa de pH e temperatura. A estabilidade máxima foi registrada a 37ºC e pH 7,0, enquanto mostrou atividade lítica normal em temperatura de 60ºC e pH 5,0 a 11,0, respectivamente. Na temperatura de 70ºC, a atividade do fago foi um pouco reduzida, enquanto o aumento adicional da temperatura e a diminuição ou aumento do pH inativaram completamente o fago. Com base no estudo atual, concluiu-se que a água residual é a melhor fonte para encontrar bacteriófagos contra cepas bacterianas multirresistentes e pode ser usada como agente de controle bacteriano.

Characterization of a Coliphage AS1 isolated from sewage effluent in Pakistan

Abstract The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, which are posing a global health threat has developed the interest of scientists to use bacteriophages instead of conventional antibiotics therapy. In light of an increased interest in the use of phage as a bacterial control agent, the study aimed to isolate and characterize lytic phages from sewage effluent. During the current study, bacteriophage AS1 was isolated from sewage effluent against E.coli S2. The lytic activity of phageAS1 was limited to E.coli S2 strain showing monovalent behavior. The calculated phage titer was 3.5×109 pfu/ml. PhageAS1 was stable at a wide range of pH and temperature. The maximum stability was recorded at 37ºC and pH 7.0, while showing its normal lytic activity at temperature 60ºC and from pH 5.0 to11.0 respectively. At temperature 70ºC, phage activity was somewhat reduced whereas, further increase in temperature and decrease or increase in pH completely inactivated the phage. From the current study, it was concluded that waste water is a best source for finding bacteriophages against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and can be used as bacterial control agent.

Resumo O surgimento de cepas bacterianas multirresistentes (MDR), que representam uma ameaça global à saúde, desenvolveu o interesse dos cientistas em usar bacteriófagos em vez da terapia convencional com antibióticos. Diante do crescente interesse no uso de fago como agente de controle bacteriano, o estudo visou isolar e caracterizar fagos líticos de efluente de esgoto. Durante o estudo atual, o bacteriófago AS1 foi isolado de efluente de esgoto contra E. coli S2. A atividade lítica de phageAS1 foi limitada à cepa E. coli S2, apresentando comportamento monovalente. O título de fago calculado foi de 3,5 x 109 ufp/ml. PhageAS1 foi estável em uma ampla faixa de pH e temperatura. A estabilidade máxima foi registrada a 37ºC e pH 7,0, enquanto mostrou atividade lítica normal em temperatura de 60ºC e pH 5,0 a 11,0, respectivamente. Na temperatura de 70ºC, a atividade do fago foi um pouco reduzida, enquanto o aumento adicional da temperatura e a diminuição ou aumento do pH inativaram completamente o fago. Com base no estudo atual, concluiu-se que a água residual é a melhor fonte para encontrar bacteriófagos contra cepas bacterianas multirresistentes e pode ser usada como agente de controle bacteriano.

Capability of acidic electrolyzed water in the elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli in the chicken breast

Aims@#This study aimed to investigate the effect of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) as pre-refrigeration and pre-freezing processing steps for chicken meat in regard to the behavior of S. Typhimurium and E. coli during storage.@*Methodology and results@#AEW (free available chlorine 30 ppm and pH 2.7) was tested against S. Typhimurium and E. coli in growth media (brain heart infusion broth) and by exposing inoculated chicken fillets. The in vitro study appointed 10 minutes as the straightening exposure time of fresh prepared AEW for S. Typhimurium and E. coli. The reduction effect of AEW was significant (p<0.05) for both S. Typhimurium and E. coli along the 8 days of refrigerated storage with a maximum reduction after 24 h of post-treatment reaching 23.3% (1.4 log CFU/g) and 32.43% (2.15 log CFU/g) for S. Typhimurium and E. coli, respectively. AEW resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.05) as a pre-freezing application for both microorganisms, where the maximum reductions of 20% (1.2 log CFU/g) and 31.84% (2.14 log CFU/g) for S. Typhimurium and E. coli, respectively, were reported at zero time (just after dipping). In exposed samples to AEW, S. Typhimurium could not be detected by the 6th week of frozen storage while E. coli continued detectable until till 10th week but with a reduced population of 30% compared to control.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The findings of the present study suggest the application of AEW as a pre-refrigeration and pre-freezing treatment for chicken products. AEW application significantly improved the safety of chicken products.

Isolation and identification of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle, sheep, poultry and human in Cumilla, Bangladesh

Aims@#Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health concern of modern civilization. The potential risk of AMR is significant in terms of both human and animal health. This study aims to assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of selected antimicrobials against Escherichia coli of animal, poultry and human origin in the Cumilla district of Bangladesh.@*Methodology and results@#A total of 200 samples were collected from different sources. Isolation and identification of commensal E. coli were performed following standard bacteriological and molecular techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Ampicillin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). A total of 152 (76%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 70-81%) E. coli were isolated from cattle, sheep, chicken and human, where 37.5% of isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR). In the cultural sensitivity test, E. coli showed the highest resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (71%), tetracycline (63%), ampicillin (62%), where gentamicin (23%) showed the lowest resistance, followed by ceftriaxone (26%). The prevalence of resistance genes like blaTEM, tetA, tetB, tetC, sul1 and sul2 were 100%, 95%, 11%, 8%, 58% and 52%, respectively.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The emergence of multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli and resistance genes circulating in animals, poultry and humans limit the treatment options for serious infections.